Postwar France bibliography

Bibliography

Bishop O’Byrne IB History Class. “France during the Interwar years.” http://bobhistory.wikispaces.com. Accessed April 6, 2014. http://bobhistory.wikispaces.com/France+during+the+Interwar+years.

E2BN. “Life in Interwar Years- History Cookbook.” Cook It! Accessed April 6, 2014. http://cookit.e2bn.org/historycookbook/21-104-Life-in-interwar-years.html.

Fernandes, Tiago. “, Commentary “Religion and politics: Revisiting interwar democracy and dictatorship.” Análise Social 209, no. 48 (2013): 971-75.

Hallock, Stephanie A. “Chapter 4: Political Ideologies 4 of the Interwar Years.” In World in the 20th Century, The: A Thematic Approach, 66-87. N.p.: Pearson, 2013.

HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. “The Maginot Line.” History Learning Site. Accessed April 6, 2014. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/maginot_line.htm.

A History of the Modern World. 10th ed. N.p.: n.p., 2007.

Indiana Unversity. “France between the Wars.” indiana.edu. Accessed April 6, 2014. http://www.indiana.edu/~b357/slides%202012/lecture%2019%20(interwar).pdf.

Kelleher, Jason. “France in the Inter-War Years.” History Help (blog). Accessed April 6, 2014. http://historyjk.blogspot.com/2012/10/france-in-inter-war-years.html.

Morrison, Chase. “The Inter-War French Army and the Maginot Line.” World War 2 History Blog. Entry posted March 29, 2009. Accessed April 6, 2014. http://drakhl.blogspot.com/2009/03/inter-war-french-army-and-maginot-line.html.

Mrspencer1776. “France: The Interwar Years (1919-1938).” Slide Share. Last modified February 23, 2012. Accessed April 6, 2014. http://www.slideshare.net/mrspencer1776/france-the-interwar-years-19191938.

Palmer, R. R., Joel Colton, and Llyod Kramer. A History of the Modern World. 10th ed. N.p.: n.p., 2007.

Princeton University. “Demographics of France.” princeton.edu. Accessed April 6, 2014. https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Demographics_of_France.html.

Sam Houston State UniversitySam Houston State University. “Lecture Notes on England and France in the Interwar Period.” shsu.edu. Accessed April 6, 2014. http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/BrFr.html.

Silva, Brett N. “Interwar France.” Silva Pages. Accessed April 6, 2014. http://ibatpv.org/projects/france/interwar/default.htm.

Spark Notes. “The Interwar Years (1919-1938(.” Spark Notes. Accessed April 6, 2014. http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/interwaryears/section8.rhtml.

Wendell Cox Consultancy. “Ville de Paris Population History: Analysis and Data.” Demographia. Last modified March 24, 2001. Accessed April 6, 2014. http://www.demographia.com/db-paris-history.htm.

Wordology. “Inter-War Period (1919-1938).” Wordology. Accessed April 6, 2014. http://www.worldology.com/Europe/interwar.htm.

Gulag System

The great Purge was a series of political repression

Also known as Stalin’s Great Terror

Stalin sparked his Terror by having Sergei Kirov assassinated

Stalin made it look like the assassination of Sergei was a massive crime and anyone who had conspired to do it should be executed or imprisoned

Stalin tried to clean out the communist party and generally repress his public

The secret police (NKVD) hunted, persecuted, exiled, and executed suspected “saboteurs”

~4 million people were convicted of crimes during the time period

in 1937-38, over 6x more people were shot than in all of soviet history afterwards

most of the people targeted were communists

over half of the people convicted from -37 to -38 were communists when they were arrested

All Trotskyist ideas and writings were banned in Russia

As a result of the Great Purge, many nations that would have willingly accepted the communist revolution saw the horror of socialism and thus did not become communist

The Moscow trials were 3 highly publicized false trials of “political enemies”, designed to instill fear into the people of Russia

An estimated 90% of what was said during the Moscow trials by the defendants was false

The witnesses who refused to lie were murdered before the trial began

Gulag at first was the organization responsible for monitoring and making prison camps

First established under Vladimir Lenin as an alternative to prison

“Gulags” were forced labor and prison camps in the extremities of Russia

The first were built in 1917 after the revolution, but Stalin built many more

Most camps were in hostile environments like Siberia and the Arctic North

Prisoners worked low-skill jobs that were hard work and received little food and no money

Gulag prisoners built the White Sea-Baltic Canal, the Moscow-Volga Canal, the Baikal Amur railroad, many hydroelectric plants, and roads in the remote regions of Siberia and the Far North

Prisoners could receive a sentence of up to 25 years for telling a joke about a government official or coming to work late.

Prisoner were transferred to the Gulags in trains.  Sometimes over 60 people would be crammed into one carriage.

During WWII, many prisoners were sent straight to the frontlines with no training at all.

It actually cost Russia more to run the Gulags than they were getting out of them.

The Great Thaw: after Stalin died, political prisoners were released and Gulags were dissolved

_______________________________

Sources:

https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Great_Purge.html

http://russiapedia.rt.com/of-russian-origin/stalins-purges/

http://gulaghistory.org/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin/

http://www.wsws.org/exhibits/1937/lecture1.htm

http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/moscowpurge/moscowlinks.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge

http://russiapedia.rt.com/of-russian-origin/the-gulag/

Transcendentalism Powerpoint and Links *Do not copy*

Transcendentalism Powerpoint

BIBLIOGRAPHY  

Blogger. "What Is Transcendentalism." Transcendentalism. Last modified March 30, 2012. http://transcendentalisms.blogspot.com/2012_03_01_archive.html.

Emily Dickinson. Photograph. Modern American Poetry. 2000. http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/dickinson/bio.htm.

Grodzins, Dean. "Transcendentalism." In Dictionary of American History, edited by Stanley I. Kutler. Third ed. Vol. 8. New York, NY: Thomson Gale, 2003.

Gura, Phillip F. "Transcendentalism and Social Reform." History Now 30 (Winter 2011). https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/first-age-reform/essays/transcendentalism-and-socialreform#.

Henry David Thoreau. Photograph. Transcendentalists. 2009. http://www.transcendentalists.com/1thorea.html.

Herman Melville. Photograph. Public Broadcasting Service. 2007. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americannovel/timeline/melville.html.

Merriam-Webster. "Transcendentalism." Merriam-Webster. Last modified 2015. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transcendentalism.

Ralph Waldo Emerson. Photograph. Poets.org. 2014. http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/ralph-waldo-emerson.

Robinson, David M. "Transcendentalism." In Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History, edited by Mary Kupiec Cayton and Peter W. Williams, 413-26. Vol. I. New York,

NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2001.

Ruben, Paul R. "Chapter 4: American Transcendentalism: A Brief Introduction." PAL: Perspectives in American Literature. Last modified June 22, 2014. http://archive.csustan.

edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/4intro.html.

Thoreau, Henry David. "Where I Lived and What I Lived for." In Walden, 91-109. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1906.

"Unitarianism at a Glance." BBC. Last modified 2004. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/unitarianism/ataglance/glance.shtml.

Walt Whitman. Photograph. Poetry Foundation. 2014. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/walt-whitman.

William Cullen Bryant. Photograph. Perspectives in American Literature. 2014. http://archive.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap3/bryant.html.

Woodlief, Ann, ed. "The Web of American Transcendentalism." American Transcendentalism Web. Last modified 1999. http://transcendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu/.

Gender roles *Do not copy*

Los roles de ambos sexos han cambiado en el siglo XXI, y es importante que reconozcamos esto. Creo que el rol tradicional de ambos sexos han cambiado porque en el siglo XX y antes, la expectación de las mujeres fue que nunca de ellas argüirían con sus esposos, ni dirán contra sus ideas. Era mal que las mujeres sirvieran a los hombres en cada capacidad y que ellas no tuvieran los derechos básicos. Acaso de que nosotros repitamos el pasado, hay leyes para prevenir los prejuicios y el sexismo. Es esencial que todo entienda que todos amos sexos son el mismo bajo las leyes.
Dudo que el rol doméstico de las mujeres modernas sea igual que en el pasado. Es mejor que las mujeres y chicas ahora tenga más derechos y oportunidades para trabajar. Quizás, en el pasado, las mujeres no hagan los mismos trabajos de un hombre a causa de las leyes. 
No es importante que ambos sexos cambien sus roles tradicionales porque no todo el mundo quiere cambiar. Es importante que nosotros estemos contentos y alegres, y algunos están más alegre cuando están trabajando en casa, cuidan a sus hijos contra están trabajando para una companía. 
Recomiendo que ambos sexos hablen con su esposo(a) y establezcan roles de su propia casa y vida. Tal vez, los roles sean pocos semejantes, pero es menester que ellos resuelvan todos los problemas y entiendan las necesidades de la otra persona. 
Quiero que en el siglo XXII, no haya ningún problema con ambos sexos ni disparidad entre los ambos sexos

Robin Hood summarized in Spanish *Do not copy*

Robin Hood

            En la película, Robin Hood roba de los ricos, y da a los pobres. Él y Little John son encargados de un grupo de animales criminales. Robin Hood, un zorro, y Little John, un oso, va a robar el príncipe Juan, un león y el rey falso de Inglaterra. Ellos trucan el príncipe y visten como mujeres para trucar él y robar todo sus monedas. Después de robaron él, Robin Hood distribuye todo el dinero a la gente pobre de Nottingham. En reacción del robo, el príncipe Juan recauda los impuestos para robar la gente y castigar ellos. Adentro de una semana, toda la gente fue encarcelada, incluye el fraile Tuck. Robin Hood y Little John oyeron que el príncipe manda matar el fraile Tuck, y ellos hacen un plan.

            Eso noche, Robin Hood canta el aguacil a dormido y roba las llaves. Siguiente, Little John rescata el fraile Tuck y toda la gente encarcelada. Mientras, Robin Hood va al dormitorio de príncipe Juan y roba todos los sacos de monedas. De repente, el aguacil y el príncipe Juan se despierta y corre a Robin Hood para encarcelar él. Por accidente, el aguacil inciense un fuego y  Robin Hood escala el techo para escapar. Las flamas persigue él, y Robin salta en el río al lado del dormitorio. El día próximo, el rey justo regresa, y perdona y da permiso a Robin Hood a casar  su querida, la dama Marian. 

Leopold II as most successful European Dictator *Do not copy*

            Leopold II was the most successful dictator in relation to his goals. Although he was subject to limited outrage of the European community, he furthered Belgium and increased his own wealth, the goal of any monarch. The other dictators had more obstacles in their way, and had more extravagant goals.

 Leopold II was born into power, and had few vocal opponents in his country, allowing him to do essentially whatever he wanted. He was able to hide things from his country, as nobody was looking for the bad things in their king. He was able to create the International African Association under the pretense of spreading civility and Christianity throughout Africa. He was able to declare that the Congo Free State (CFS) was being helped by the Belgian government, not so that they could exploit the CFS, but to help establish order and good morals in the Congo. Leopold was also able to act in the way he did because everyone else was doing it. If the other European monarchs had scolded him, and chastised his way of dealing with the native Congolese, they would have been seen as hypocrites, and would have been forced to revise their own treatment of the native Africans. Some, like Irish MP Roger Casement, did speak out, but they did not have the support base Leopold did.

            By using the CFS to gain natural resources, Leopold was able to accumulate a massive amount of wealth, and put some of it in a trust for his descendants. The rest of this wealth was then used to fund Leopold’s immense public and private works buildings. Leopold built lavish palaces for himself, and also built buildings for public use with the money he received form the lucrative CFS. He did not waste his time attempting to exploit anything other than rubber for more than a few years once he realized the demand for rubber. Leopold’s buildings earned him the title “Builder King,” and garnered him the respect and love of his subjects.  

The other dictators were not as successful in their endeavors because they did not have the international support-or blackmail-that Leopold had. The fascist leaders, Franco and Petain, had the Allies against them during and post-World War II, while the communist leaders, Ceausescu, Hoxha and Tito, had Western Europe and the United states against them in the Cold War era.  Although the communists had some support from the USSR, the lack of support from inside their own countries caused their downfall. Romania executed Ceausescu after his “Fascist Agitators” speech, Yugoslavia fell apart less than twenty years after Tito died because of economic, religious and social tensions, and Albania lasted less than ten years after Hoxha died, becoming a democracy. Spain was transitioned into a constitutional monarchy in the reign of Franco’s hand-picked successor, and The French people turned against Petain once he was put on trial.

The other European dictators also had goals of fundamentally changing the political structure that they were governing in, from monarchies or republics into fascist and communist utopias. All of the communist leaders had a falling-out with one or another of the leaders of the USSR, and attempted to embark on their own brand of socialism, be it “Socialism in One Family,” “Titoism,” or simply a continuation of Stalinism. The fascists were fighting against the tide of liberalism, attempting to bring back the status quo from wherever the republics that had preceded them had hidden it. Leopold simply continued an already established monarchy, and did not fight the tide of liberalization, but redirected it to fit his brand of dictatorship. He established universal male suffrage in Belgium, and he made secular primary school mandatory.

All in all, Leopold had better resources, better allies, and a better country to impose his dictatorial views upon. He did not attempt to revolutionize his country, just to do what his people wanted in order to distract them from the atrocities in the CFS. He was not openly opposed by any Western European nation, and he participated in the Berlin Conference to make sure he got what he wanted. The other European dictators tried to achieve too much without giving their people reason to support them other than “ideals.” Leopold made Belgium richer, more beautiful, better educated, and kept the CFS out of the limelight long enough to make a substantial profit off of it.

Poems and Houses, a poem I wrote in 9th grade *Do not copy*

Poems and Houses                                                       GM

If every poem is a house,

and every stanza is a room,

then you are in the foyer.

The door is open and inviting,

the plush rug is long,

it goes on and on and on...

and then it ends.

And we're in the living room,

plush chairs, hardwood floors,

and fat colorful pillows.

But nobody's there, only dust.

The dust imbedded in the pillows,

and in the cracks  between the boards.

Except for a line, where everyone passes on through,

just like you.

On to the kitchen.

Warm aromas, delicious smells,

pots bubbling, pans sizzling,

a parent calling "Dinner!"

You hear feet pounding down,

down,

down the stairs,

As you ascend the staircase,

    you peer through the corridors,

           pushing open doors, skimming,

                    skimming through the rooms,

                           skimming through the stanzas.

Into the master bedroom you go.

king size bed,

fluffy pillows, there as a facade,

to hide stiff necks,

aching backs,

and a sleepless night.

A massive TV hides a dent,

where they hit the bed frame on the wall.

A bed skirt throws shadows over the dust,

untouched for a decade,

and winter clothes,

much too small to be worn.

Back to the hall,

just for a moment.

Between rooms,

between stanzas.

A child's room.

Bright colors,

simple furniture,

plush animals.

Dolls strewn about,

tiny dresses abandoned,

hiding in the corner.

The bed,

too short for you,

too long for her.

A  messy quilt,

a stuffed animal,

a puppy dog,

tucked in lovingly.

In the hall,

you turn on a light.

It is nearly dark, 

and you can't see.

A small bathroom,

powder blue,

a sink too low for comfort,

juvenile shower curtains.

A tube of cobalt Crest,

lays on the counter,

open, spilling.

Back

     down

         the

             stairs.

You peer into a dark room,

it smells of gasoline, and chalk.

A room long abandoned,

yet it is all but empty.

A lawnmower,

its blades going dull and rusting,

a motorized car,

pink, covered windshield to tires,

in Barbie stickers.

A box of old,

powdery,

stubs of chalk,

a rainbow three times over.

You look around,

you've gone through every room,

you've read every stanza.

You saw the house,

you're in the back yard.

You finished the poem.